{"id":6295,"date":"2022-06-07T17:13:52","date_gmt":"2022-06-07T22:13:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sitios.udla.edu.ec\/econometria\/?page_id=6295"},"modified":"2024-11-18T16:23:57","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T21:23:57","slug":"investigacion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitios.udla.edu.ec\/econometria\/investigacion\/","title":{"rendered":"INVESTIGACI\u00d3N"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6295\" class=\"elementor elementor-6295\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8209958 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8209958\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c792a1\" data-id=\"7c792a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88d8063 elementor-tabs-view-vertical elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88d8063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i> Art\u00edculos<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i> Documentos de Trabajo<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i> Art\u00edculos<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"8510\" class=\"elementor elementor-8510\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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!important;\n}\n\n.btn-ver-mas-investigacion:hover{\n\topacity:0.8;\n}\n\n.cf_field_inves{\n\tfont-weight:initial;\n \tfont-size: 14px;\n}\n\n.ue_heading_title i{\n\tfont-size:14px !important;\n}\n.btn-ver-mas-investigacion{\n\tmargin: auto;\n    display: flex;\n    width: 130px;\n    padding: 10px !important;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    background-color: #006D46;\n    color: white !important;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n}\n\n.btn-ver-mas-investigacion:hover{\n\topacity:0.8;\n}\n\n.cf_field_inves{\n\tfont-weight:initial;\n \tfont-size: 14px;\n}\n\n.ue_heading_title i{\n\tfont-size:14px !important;\n}\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  uc-filterable-grid\" id=\"uc_post_accordion_elementor12836\" data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\"  data-ajax='true'  data-filterbehave='ajax'  >\n    \t<div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n        \t\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Age and hiring for high school graduate Hispanics in the United States\u00a0 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Joanna Lahey, Roberto Mosquera <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">14 de febrero de 2024<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The intersection of age with ethnicity is understudied, particularly for labor force outcomes. We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments with different populations. We find that the differences in outcomes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic high school graduates do not change across the lifecycle. Moving to a laboratory setting, we provided participants with randomized resumes for a clerical position that are, on average, equivalent except for name and age. In all experiments, participants treated applicants with Hispanic and non-Hispanic names the same across the lifecycle. These findings are in stark contrast to the differences and patterns across the lifecycle for corresponding Black workers and job applicants. We argue that these null results may explain the much smaller literature on labor market discrimination against less-educated Hispanic workers.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00148-024-01001-2 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Local socioeconomic impacts of large-scale mining projects in Ecuador: The case of Fruta del Norte\u00a0 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Paul Carrillo-Maldonado, Karla Arias, Wladimir Zanoni, Zoe Cruz  <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Febrero 2024<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This study examines the causal effects of the large-scale mining project Fruta del Norte on the socioeconomic outcomes of the Yantzaza canton (municipality), where the project is located. We apply the synthetic control methodology with a canton-level database to estimate the dynamic response of economic, education, and health outcomes of this municipality in the period 2007\u20132019. Our results show a continuous increase in sales and purchases since mineral exploitation began (2016). Moreover, we find a permanent increase in the number of formal job openings in Yantzaza. However, we put in evidence that the rates of elementary and high school dropout. The health variables present mixed results, where the rates of neonatal mortality fall, and teenage pregnancy rise.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301420723013363 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Estimating a Time-Varying Distribution-Led Regime\u00a0 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Paul Carrillo-Maldonado, Michalis Nikiforos <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Marzo 2024<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This paper estimates the distribution-led regime of the US economy for the period 1947\u20132019. We use a time varying parameter model, which allows for continuous changes in the regime over time. To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper that has attempted to do this. This innovation is important, because there is no reason to expect that the regime of the US economy (or any economy for that matter) will remain constant over time. On the contrary, there are significant reasons that point to changes in the regime. We find that the US economy became more profit-led in the first postwar decades until the 1970s and has become less profit-led since. In the last fifteen years of our sample the effect of changes in distribution on economic activity is statistically insignificant.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0954349X23001431 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Nearest neighbors weighted composite likelihood based on pairs for (non-)Gaussian massive spatial data with an application to Tukey-hh random fields estimation\u00a0 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Christian Caama\u00f1o-Carrillo, Moreno Bevilacqua, Cristian L\u00f3pez, V\u00edctor Morales-O\u00f1ate <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Marzo 2024<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A highly scalable method for (non-)Gaussian random fields estimation is proposed. In particular, a novel (a) symmetric weight function based on nearest neighbors for the method of maximum weighted composite likelihood based on pairs (WCLP) is studied.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The new weight function allows estimating massive (up to millions) spatial datasets and improves the statistical efficiency of the WCLP method using symmetric weights based on distances, as shown in the numerical examples.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>As an application of the proposed method, the estimation of a novel non-Gaussian random field named Tukey-hh random field that has flexible marginal distributions (possibly skewed and\/or heavy-tailed) is considered. In an extensive simulation study the statistical efficiency of the proposed nearest neighbors WCLP method with respect to the WCLP method using weights based on distances is explored when estimating the parameters of the Tukey-hh random field. In the Gaussian case the proposed method is compared with the Vecchia approximation from computational and statistical viewpoints. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated by estimating a large dataset of mean temperatures in South-America. The proposed methodology has been implemented in an open-source package for the R statistical environment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0167947323001986 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">The political divide: The case of expectations and preferences\u00a0 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Trent McNamara, Roberto Mosquera <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Junio 2024<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The divergence of attitudes towards their ideological extremes has become an identifying feature in the United States. Little is known about its source, how large it is, whether information can attenuate it, and its causal impact on civic behavior. We design a survey experiment that identifies differences in beliefs rather than preferences as a source of division. We randomly introduce factual information about government spending and show that it corrects beliefs. We further use this variation and estimate effects on a suite of outcomes. For individuals who learn the government spends worse than they would prefer, they become 0.35 s.d. less supportive towards the government, believe the government is less efficient by 0.42 s.d. and are less willing to compromise and trust by 0.43 s.d. We do not find any changes for those who learn the government spends more in line with their preferences. This asymmetric response is consistent with a literature showing that negative information has a greater impact on attitudes and beliefs than positive information.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S221480432400051X \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">clusEvol: An R package for Cluster Evolution Analytics <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">V\u00edctor Morales-O\u00f1ate, Bol\u00edvar Morales-O\u00f1ate <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Diciembre 2024 <\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The paper proposes a new R package, named clusEvol, that introduces Cluster Evolution Analytics (CEA), a framework for advanced Exploratory Data Analysis and Unsupervised Learning. CEA studies the evolution of an object and its neighbors, identified via clustering algorithms, over time. It combines leave-one-out and plug-in principles, enabling \u201cwhat if\u201d scenarios by integrating current data into past datasets to explore temporal changes. The framework is demonstrated with a real dataset employing various clustering algorithms.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352711024002917 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Effect of terms of trade on the Latin American Labor market\u00a0 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Domenica Jacho, Zoe Cruz, Paul Carrillo-Maldonado <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Diciembre 2024 <\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This paper analyzes the effects of terms of trade shocks on the labor market of Latin American countries. We apply the local projections in panel data to estimate the dynamic response of labor variables of 17 sample countries in the period 1980\u20132019. Our results show that labor indicators respond positively on average in the short term. The labor market, however, deteriorates in the medium term as a consequence of the terms of trade shocks. We also find that the informal rate decreases only in the first year as the ratio to exports\u2013imports prices increases. We identify that the economies with flexible exchange rates, flexible labor rules, and other characteristics mitigate this negative effect of terms of trade in the medium term.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2110701724000751 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Asymmetric effect of the oil price in the ecuadorian economy <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Alan Bunce, Paul Carrillo Maldonado<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">31 agosto 2023<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This paper aims to identify if there is an asymmetric response of the output to positive and negative changes in the price of oil. We take the case of Ecuador, an oil exporter but also an importer of derivates of the same commodity. We apply the local projections methodology to estimate this asymmetric response through state-dependence impulse response function. The results put in evidence that between the positive and negative variations of oil prices, those which affect the most to the Ecuadorian GDP are the negative ones. We also show that the persistence of the effect is higher when the oil price fall, rather than when there are positive variations.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eneco.2023.106876\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Nearest neighbours weighted composite likelihood based on pairs for (non-)Gaussian massive spatial data with an application to Tukey-hh random fields estimation. <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Christian Caama\u00f1o-Carrillo, Moreno Bevilacqua, Cristian L\u00f3pez, V\u00edctor Morales-O\u00f1ate<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">10 noviembre 2023<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A highly scalable method for (non-)Gaussian random fields estimation is proposed. In particular, a novel (a) symmetric weight function based on nearest neighbors for the method of maximum weighted composite likelihood based on pairs (WCLP) is studied. The new weight function allows estimating massive (up to millions) spatial datasets and improves the statistical efficiency of the WCLP method using symmetric weights based on distances, as shown in the numerical examples. As an application of the proposed method, the estimation of a novel non-Gaussian random field named Tukey-hh random field that has flexible marginal distributions (possibly skewed and\/or heavy-tailed) is considered. In an extensive simulation study the statistical efficiency of the proposed nearest neighbors WCLP method with respect to the WCLP method using weights based on distances is explored when estimating the parameters of the Tukey-hh random field. In the Gaussian case the proposed method is compared with the Vecchia approximation from computational and statistical viewpoints. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated by estimating a large dataset of mean temperatures in South-America. The proposed methodology has been implemented in an open-source package for the R statistical environment.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csda.2023.107887 \" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Impacto de la alimentaci\u00f3n escolar en el desarrollo cognitivo de los estudiantes: evidencia en Ecuador <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Pablo Gaibor Costta<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">9 junio 2023<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>En este trabajo se evalua por primera vez el impacto del Programa de Alimentaci\u00f3n Escolar (PAE) en las calificaciones de la prueba Ser Bachiller para el periodo comprendido entre el 2015 al 2019, en Ecuador. Para esto, se utiliza un m\u00e9todo de diferencias en diferencias (DiD) en combinaci\u00f3n con un emparejamiento por puntaje de propensi\u00f3n (PSM). Primero, se utiliza el emparejamiento con la informaci\u00f3n a nivel de estudiantes para comparar a los individuos que reciben el tratamiento con aquellos que no lo reciben. Esto se realiza por medio del criterio vecinos cercanos y ponderaci\u00f3n de probabilidad inversa. Finalmente, se calcula el promedio de calificaciones a nivel de unidades educativas y se realiza el procedimiento de DiD a nivel de unidades educativas en el periodo de estudio, obteniendo evidencia de que existe un impacto positivo del PAE en las calificaciones de los estudiantes beneficiarios.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.bce.ec\/handle\/32000\/2328\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">An anatomy of external shocks in the Andean\u00a0Region <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Paul Carrillo-Maldonado y Javier Diaz-Cassou<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Marzo, 2023<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This paper applies an agnostic SVAR approach to study the response of four Andean economies(Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) to international shocks. More specifically, we look at the response of GDP, the real exchange rate, fiscal and external balances, and inflation to global demand, commodity price, monetary and financial shocks. Our results confirm that the Andean region is highly exposed to changes in external conditions, and especially to global demand fluctuations associated with declines in commodity prices. However, despite the similarities that characterize these countries in terms of their income level or their productive specialization, we find substantial heterogeneity in the effects of the shocks, which we attribute to differences in the shock absorbing capacity of their macroeconomic frameworks. This result underlies the need to put in place external buffers to fully exploit the benefits of a greater presence in international markets, be it in the form of exchange rate flexibility, international reserves, or fiscal and monetary space to act countercyclically.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/the-journal-of-economic-asymmetries\/vol\/27\/suppl\/C\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">What are the main variables that influence the dynamics of Ecuador\u2019s sovereign risk? <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Paul Carrillo-Maldonado, Javier Diaz-Cassou yMiguel Flores <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Enero, 2023<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Abstract: This paper analyzes the determinants of Ecuador\u2019s sovereign spreads as measured by the EMBI index. We use Bayesian algorithms to estimate a structural vector autoregressive model with three blocks (international, regional, and domestic). Global variables drive most of the dynamics of the Ecuadorian EMBI, also influenced by the evolution of sovereign risks in other Latin American countries like Chile and Peru. We likewise show that the increase in public debt is the primary domestic variable affecting the Ecuadorian EMBI.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15140326.2022.2158009\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Partial Identification for Growth Regimes: the case of Latin American countries 2023 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Paul Carrillo-Maldonado<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Marzo, 2023<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This study introduces the partial identification of the structural vector autoregressive model to estimate the effect of income distribution on output. For this purpose, this study follows the Post-Keynesian growth models and identifies the demand regimes in Latin American countries for the period 1960\u20132014. The main results reveal that Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, and Panama have profit-led regimes. In addition, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Peru, and Uruguay have wage-led regimes. The regimes of Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico could not be determined.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/meca.12426\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Izquierda Democr\u00e1tica: Entre el resurgimiento y la divisi\u00f3n <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Vanessa Carri\u00f3n-Yaguana, Mart\u00edn Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Septiembre, 2022<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El cap\u00edtulo examina de manera comparativa los resultados electorales obtenidos por el partido Izquierda Democr\u00e1tica (ID) en las elecciones generales de 2017 y 2021. Se analizan los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales y legislativas as\u00ed como la representaci\u00f3n femenina, no solo desde un punto descriptivo, para lo cual se desentra\u00f1a las relaciones internas y estrategias que adopt\u00f3 el partido en las contiendas electorales. Se observa que luego de obtener resultados modestos en el 2017, la ID en el 2021, se ubica como uno de los grandes vencedores, debido a que obtuvo uno de los mejores resultados electorales de su historia.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Eficiencia en la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola: un an\u00e1lisis del efecto de la construcci\u00f3n de carreteras en zonas productivas del Ecuador <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Mart\u00edn Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Junio, 2022<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Los proyectos de construcci\u00f3n y rehabilitaci\u00f3n de v\u00edas de acceso a zonas productivas son indispensables para el desarrollo econ\u00f3mico, m\u00e1s a\u00fan en pa\u00edses con gran participaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en su estructura productiva. En Ecuador, entre 2010 y 2015 se invirtieron m\u00e1s de USD 1.000 millones de d\u00f3lares en la construcci\u00f3n de infraestructura f\u00edsica, la cual incluye carreteras de primer, segundo y tercer nivel, generando impactos relevantes en varios elementos productivos del pa\u00eds. En este trabajo, a trav\u00e9s de un modelo de diferencias en diferencias, se estiman los efectos de dos proyectos de construcci\u00f3n y rehabilitaci\u00f3n de carreteras en las provincias de El Oro y Manab\u00ed. Los resultados sugieren que estos proyectos generan un impacto positivo en la productividad del sector bananero y en las ventas totales de los cultivos permanentes. Sin embargo, no sucede lo mismo para el caso de la superficie total de producci\u00f3n. Los resultados muestran efectos en el corto plazo y no se pueden obtener conclusiones sobre la sostenibilidad del efecto debido a que la informaci\u00f3n se encuentra D24, O13, Q11, R1 disponible solo hasta el a\u00f1o 2020.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/estudioseconomicos.bce.fin.ec\/index.php\/RevistaCE\/article\/view\/395\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Non-Gaussian geostatistical modeling using(skew) t processes <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Moreno Bevilacqua, Christian Caama\u00f1o-Carrillo Reinaldo B. Arellano-ValleV\u00edctor Morales-O\u00f1ate<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Abril, 2019 <\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>We propose a new model for regression and depen-dence analysis when addressing spatial data with pos-sibly heavy tails and an asymmetric marginal distri-bution. We first propose a stationary process withtmarginals obtained through scale mixing of a Gaus-sian process with an inverse square root process withGammamarginals.Wethengeneralizethisconstructionby considering a skew-Gaussian process, thus obtain-ing a process with skew-t marginal distributions. For theproposed (skew)tprocess, we study the second-orderand geometrical properties and in thetcase, we provideanalytic expressions for the bivariate distribution. In anextensive simulation study, we investigate the use of theweighted pairwise likelihood as a method of estimationfor thetprocess.Moreover we compare the performanceof the optimal linear predictor of thetprocess versus theoptimal Gaussian predictor. Finally, the effectiveness ofour methodology is illustrated by analyzing a georefer-enced dataset on maximum temperatures in Australia<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjos.12447\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Blockwise Euclidean likelihood for spatio-temporal covariance models <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">V\u00edctor Morales O\u00f1ate, Federico Crudu, Moreno Bevilacqua<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Octubre, 2021<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A spatio-temporal blockwise Euclidean likelihood method for the estimation of\u00a0covariance models\u00a0when dealing with large spatio-temporal Gaussian data is proposed. The method uses moment conditions coming from the score of the pairwise composite likelihood. The blockwise approach guarantees considerable computational improvements over the standard pairwise composite likelihood method. In order to further speed up computation, a general purpose graphics processing unit implementation using OpenCL is implemented. The\u00a0asymptotic properties\u00a0of the proposed estimator are derived and the finite sample\u00a0properties\u00a0of this methodology by means of a simulation study highlighting the computational gains of the OpenCL graphics processing unit implementation. Finally, there is an application of the estimation method to a wind component data set.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecosta.2021.01.001\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Neural based contingent valuation of road traffic noise <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Roberto Mosquera con Luis Bravo-Moncayo, Ignacio Pav\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda, and Jos\u00e9 Lucio-Naranjo<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Enero, 2017<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Abstract: In this paper, we present a new approach to value the willingness to pay to reduce road&nbsp;noise annoyance using an artificial neural network ensemble. The model predicts, with precision&nbsp;and accuracy, a range for willingness to pay from subjective assessments of noise, a&nbsp;modeled noise exposure level, and both demographic and socio-economic conditions. The&nbsp;results were compared to an ordered probit econometric model in terms of the performance&nbsp;mean relative error and obtained 85.7% better accuracy. The results of this study&nbsp;show that the applied methodology allows the model to reach an adequate generalization&nbsp;level, and can be applicable as a tool for determining the cost of transportation noise in&nbsp;order to obtain financial resources for action plans.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1361920916300980\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Las preferencias de g\u00e9nero en el trabajo infantil en Ecuador <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Vanessa Carri\u00f3n-Yaguana con Karla Meneses y Est\u00e9fany Cruz Pazmi\u00f1o<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Marzo 2021<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Child labor is addressed through the analysis of parental decision-making on behalf of their children. Using an econometric model, this study seeks to determine how gender preferences related to parents\u2019 years of schooling might affect their decisions to send children to work. The results show that a father\u2019s education has a positive and significant effect on reducing the probability of child labor for both male children and female children. A mother\u2019s higher level of education has no significant effect on child labor regardless of the child\u2019s gender. These results suggest that in Ecuador, women might have more limited bargaining power in household structures. On the other hand, they could also reflect a cultural preference of families that see child labor as acceptable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08263663.2021.1882831?tab=permissions&amp;scroll=top\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">The Long-term Effect of Resource Booms on Human Capital <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Roberto Mosquera<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Enero 2022<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Resource booms may reduce human capital accumulation. They can increase the opportunity costs of education by favoring low-skilled jobs, thus making it optimal for individuals to interrupt their education. This study uses proprietary individual-level data to study the long-term effects of an oil boom on human capital in a developing country. Exploiting variation in the timing of the shock and geographic differences in the effect of exposure to the boom, I find that exposure to the boom decreased college completion, increased low-skill employment, and had limited long-term effects on wealth accumulation.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0927537121001251?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Female Candidate Performance and Gender Quotas: The case of Ecuador <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Vanessa Carri\u00f3n-Yaguana con Sarah Carrington y Gabriel Velastegui<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Abril 2022<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ecuador has one of the strongest electoral designs in terms of gender quotas in Latin America. However, there remains a significant gap between the number of women candidates and the number elected. To explain why a quota does not lead to an elected representation proportional to the quota we examine voter bias and elite bias in the legislative elections of 2013 and 2017. Results show gender bias towards female candidates, and not against, which is a surprising result in a country maintaining a culture of traditional gender roles on average. A breakdown of the voting patterns by gender, however, reveals that the overall voter preference for female candidates is driven entirely by female voter tendencies. Rather, the lack of representation of women as frontrunners in a political party might explain the gap between female candidates and elected members to the National Assembly. Elite bias against women, not voter bias, explains women\u2019s electoral fortunes in Ecuador.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1554477X.2022.2066390\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Traffic noise and property values: an instrumental variable strategy for hedonic valuation <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Roberto Mosquera, Luis Bravo-Moncayo, Virginia Puyana-Romero, Michelle Romero, Jos\u00e9 Lucio-Naranjo y Enrique Su\u00e1rez<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Junio 2022<\/span>   \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Noise pollution is a consequence of socioeconomic development processes and&nbsp;urbanization. Noise action plans, urban planning, and traffic management are&nbsp;costly, and their undertaking raises the issue of the value of noise reduction to&nbsp;households. We use hedonic pricing to estimate the value of traffic noise for urban&nbsp;residents in Quito, Ecuador. Results were obtained using instrumental variables in&nbsp;order to control the possible omitted variables due to any spatial effect.&nbsp;Considering a large dataset of property attributes and noise exposure, properties&nbsp;inside the multiple land use were compared to those right behind them in a 20-meter buffer, which are characterized by similar structural attributes but different&nbsp;noise exposure levels.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>        <a class=\"btn-ver-mas-investigacion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09640568.2022.2079079?journalCode=cjep20\" target=\"_blank\">Ver m\u00e1s<\/a>  <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n   \t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t<!-- end Post Accordion -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37e5425 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"37e5425\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script> \r\n\r\n<\/script>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i> Documentos de Trabajo<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"7810\" class=\"elementor elementor-7810\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section 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!important;\n}\n\n.btn-ver-mas-investigacion:hover{\n\topacity:0.8;\n}\n\n.cf_field_inves{\n\tfont-weight:initial;\n \tfont-size: 14px;\n}\n\n.ue_heading_title i{\n\tfont-size:14px !important;\n}\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  uc-filterable-grid\" id=\"uc_post_accordion_elementor26195\" data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\"  data-ajax='true'  data-filterbehave='ajax'  >\n    \t<div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n        \t\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">\u00bfFuncion\u00f3 la semaforizaci\u00f3n en Ecuador?: aplicaci\u00f3n del m\u00e9todo diferencias en diferencias para m\u00faltiples periodos <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Mart\u00edn El\u00edas Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez Oviedo<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>La investigaci\u00f3n realiza una evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto en Ecuador sobre la pol\u00edtica de semaforizaci\u00f3n por el COVID-19 decretada en el a\u00f1o 2020 sobre la mortalidad en los cantones con una poblaci\u00f3n superior a los 10.000 habitantes. Los hallazgos encontrados fueron que la pol\u00edtica semaforizaci\u00f3n funcion\u00f3 en los cantones con una alta densidad poblacional.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">\u00bfMejora el comercio internacional con un tratado de libre comercio? El caso de la Alianza del Pac\u00edfico <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Mar\u00eda Sara Flores, Paul Carrillo-Maldonado<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El presente documento evidencia el efecto en las exportaciones de Chile, Colombia, M\u00e9xico y Per\u00fa tras la conformaci\u00f3n de la Alianza del Pac\u00edfico. Se utiliza a los pa\u00edses latinoamericanos para estimar una trayectoria contrafactual de las exportaciones dentro del bloque con la metodolog\u00eda de Control Sint\u00e9tico. Los resultados muestran que las exportaciones colombianas incrementaron levemente con respecto a su contrafactual, si no se hubiese firmado este acuerdo. Las exportaciones de los otros pa\u00edses no tuvieron un impacto con la integraci\u00f3n del bloque. As\u00ed, se evidencia que la vigencia de este bloque no gener\u00f3 mayores exportaciones entre los pa\u00edses miembros.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Asistencia Escolar: Un Incentivo para la participaci\u00f3n laboral de las madres latinas <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Mateo David Loaiza Hidalgo<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>La participaci\u00f3n de las mujeres dentro del mercado laboral muestra un estancamiento en los \u00faltimos veinte a\u00f1os. Esta tendencia es com\u00fan en pa\u00edses en v\u00edas de desarrollo, donde no se perciben signos de un cierre en la brecha entre hombres y mujeres en su participaci\u00f3n laboral y empleo. Por esto, existen varias teor\u00edas que intentan explicar la diferencia entre ambos g\u00e9neros en los mercados laborales. As\u00ed, el objetivo de esta investigaci\u00f3n es determinar si la asistencia escolar de los ni\u00f1os dentro del hogar incentiva la participaci\u00f3n laboral de las mujeres en Argentina.\u00a0 Para esto, se emplea una estrategia emp\u00edrica de regresi\u00f3n discontinua difusa (RDD), utilizando la ley de educaci\u00f3n vigente en Argentina. Esta ley indica que los ni\u00f1os que cumplen cinco a\u00f1os antes del 30 de junio del presente a\u00f1o deben estar matriculados en prescolar, mientras que los ni\u00f1os que cumplen luego de la fecha indicada deben esperar al siguiente a\u00f1o lectivo. Se encuentra que la asistencia de los ni\u00f1os a clases no es un incentivo para las madres de los hogares argentinos para el periodo analizado de 1996-2000. Estos resultados sugieren que las pol\u00edticas enfocadas en la igualdad de g\u00e9nero en el entorno laboral deben tomar en cuenta la igualdad de oportunidades y condiciones entre hombres y mujeres, y no solo los subsidios y oferta de cuidado infantil.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Comprehensive Sex Education In Schools And Colleges And Teenage Pregnancy: Evidence From Ecuador <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Kamila Aguirre Soria<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El presente estudio analiza el efecto de la Educaci\u00f3n Sexual Integral (ESI) impartida en escuelas y colegios en las tasas de embarazo adolescente en Ecuador. Considerando que, a partir de la Actualizaci\u00f3n y Fortalecimiento del Curr\u00edculo Educativo del a\u00f1o 2010, la educaci\u00f3n sexual deb\u00eda ser obligatoriamente un eje transversal del curr\u00edculo educativo, se genera una potencial fuente de variaci\u00f3n ex\u00f3gena en el acceso a ESI. A partir de un modelo de Diferencia en Diferencias (DiD) se concluye que la ESI impartida en escuelas y colegios disminuye las tasas de embarazo adolescente en Ecuador. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura considerando el escaso n\u00famero de investigaciones de tipo causal que se han realizado para pa\u00edses latinoamericanos. Los resultados del estudio reflejan la urgencia del debate acerca de la reincorporaci\u00f3n de la ESI al curr\u00edculo educativo, y la necesidad de que existan acciones coordinadas con los padres de familia para potenciar los beneficios de esta implementaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Concentraci\u00f3n de mercado en el sistema bancario ecuatoriano y el margen de intermediaci\u00f3n financiera en el per\u00edodo 2017-2021 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Andr\u00e9s Sebasti\u00e1n Granja Armendaris<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>La investigaci\u00f3n estudia la relaci\u00f3n existente entre la concentraci\u00f3n bancaria y el margen de intermediaci\u00f3n financiera en el Ecuador, desde la hip\u00f3tesis que una alta concentraci\u00f3n del sector bancario (medida por el \u00cdndice IHH) genera un aumento en el margen de intermediaci\u00f3n (medido por el diferencial de tasas de inter\u00e9s impl\u00edcitas en los balances) de dicho sector. Para la construcci\u00f3n del an\u00e1lisis de evidencia emp\u00edrica se utilizaron indicadores de concentraci\u00f3n del Sistema Bancario, indicadores financieros propios de cada banco (mediante c\u00e1lculos que utilizan cuentas contables presentes en los estados financieros mensuales) y a la vez se utilizaron variables macroecon\u00f3micas como controles. Se realiz\u00f3 una estimaci\u00f3n bajo el M\u00e9todo de Sistema de Momentos Generalizados (GMM) para datos de panel din\u00e1micos y los resultados obtenidos comprobaron la hip\u00f3tesis que, a un mayor nivel de concentraci\u00f3n, mayor es el margen de intermediaci\u00f3n, pero s\u00f3lo para segmentos de bancos grandes y peque\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Control de la Publicidad del Tabaco en el Ecuador: Evidencia de una Relaci\u00f3n Causal en la Industria <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Bryan Paredes Chancusi<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El control del tabaco es de vital importancia para reducir los problemas de salud que afectan a las personas. Sin embargo, la industria tabacalera afirma que las pol\u00edticas para la reducci\u00f3n del tabaquismo tendr\u00e1n un efecto econ\u00f3mico, ya que, reducir\u00e1 las ventas y en consecuencia el empleo total. De esta manera, el presente estudio analiza si la restricci\u00f3n de la publicidad de productos de tabaco aplicada en el a\u00f1o 2011 en el Ecuador reduce el empleo en la industria productora de cigarrillos, a trav\u00e9s de la estimaci\u00f3n de un modelo de Diferencias en Diferencias Sint\u00e9tico. Los principales hallazgos de la presente investigaci\u00f3n son: esta pol\u00edtica reduce el empleo en la industria productora de cigarrillos y adem\u00e1s este efecto se mantiene y aumenta en el tiempo; sin embargo, no se puede concluir efectos de esta pol\u00edtica sobre el empleo nacional.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Crimen Y Deporte, Una Exploraci\u00f3n Econom\u00e9trica Para Encuentros Futbol\u00edsticos En Ecuador <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Cristhian Paul \u00c1vila Ramirez<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Dentro del estudio econ\u00f3mico del crimen, se establece la relaci\u00f3n entre la concentraci\u00f3n de individuos durante eventos deportivos y el aumento del nivel de criminalidad. Esta investigaci\u00f3n se centra los efectos causales de la ocurrencia de eventos futbol\u00edsticos de asistencia masiva en el comportamiento delictual del Ecuador para los a\u00f1os 2014 \u2013 2017, analizando los estadios de futbol como unidades espaciales a en un panel de datos temporal. El objetivo es aplicar un modelo econom\u00e9trico espacial que nos permita analizar como var\u00edan los niveles de delincuencia alrededor de los estadios principales del pa\u00eds dado que ocurre un partido de futbol. Se emplea un modelo de efectos fijos que nos permite estimar efectos individuales por estadio ante la ocurrencia de un partido de futbol. Los resultados sugieren un efecto de concentraci\u00f3n fuerte para determinados tipos de crimen y en estadios espec\u00edficos, aumentando los niveles promedio de delincuencia en d\u00edas que se programan eventos deportivos.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Efecto en el nivel de cartera de cr\u00e9dito del SFPS debido a la pol\u00edtica de Fortalecimiento (Res. 127-2015-F). Periodo 2012 a 03\/2021 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Christian Rolando Baus Collaguazo<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Se incluy\u00f3 como variable explicativa el fondo irrepartible y su interacci\u00f3n con el tama\u00f1o de activos en quintiles. Se utiliz\u00f3 efectos fijos con datos de panel, eliminando problemas de endogeneidad. La especificaci\u00f3n es la primera diferencia con efectos fijos de tiempo, COAC e interacci\u00f3n. El efecto ha sido efectivo y significativo (al 1%) en el aumento de cartera crediticia. El incremento promedio del 10% en el fondo irrepartible permite incrementar en 1.3% la cartera neta promedio en el siguiente per\u00edodo, ceteris paribus. La pol\u00edtica tiene 5 a\u00f1os de vigencia y su participaci\u00f3n en el patrimonio, le permite llegar a 11% comparado con subcuentas que provienen desde el origen de la entidad. No se encuentra evidencia que el tama\u00f1o de la entidad sea determinante en el efecto de la pol\u00edtica.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">El Refuerzo De La Normativa De Seguridad Social, \u00bfMejora El Acceso A Derechos Laborales? <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Zoe Micaela Cruz Pe\u00f1afiel<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Esta investigaci\u00f3n se centra en la reforma jur\u00eddica del 2014 en Ecuador, que refuerza las sanciones por la no afiliaci\u00f3n de empleados a la seguridad social con multa y privatizaci\u00f3n de la libertad. El estudio analiza el efecto en el acceso a los derechos laborales de salario digno y de jornada laboral en el pa\u00eds, debido a la incorporaci\u00f3n de los art\u00edculos 243 y 244 en el C\u00f3digo Org\u00e1nico Integral Penal. Para cuantificar el impacto casual se utilizan los paneles de individuos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU) y el m\u00e9todo de diferencias en diferencias. Los resultados principales evidencian que existe un efecto anticipado entre 2011-2012 de 6.8% en el ingreso laboral y una reducci\u00f3n de 1 hora con 26 minutos aproximadamente, en las horas trabajadas de las personas afectadas por esta reforma. En cambio, se encuentra que la implementaci\u00f3n de esta norma en 2014 es menos efectiva al reducir el n\u00famero de horas trabajadas, pues gener\u00f3 una disminuci\u00f3n de 1 hora y 19 minutos aproximadamente y, adem\u00e1s, ya no se obtienen efectos en el ingreso laboral de los trabajadores privados.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Enfermedades tropicales y decisiones sobre el embarazo: ante escenarios de riesgo, las mujeres tienden a modificar su comportamiento sexual para evitar posibles efectos adversos. <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Fabi\u00e1n Alejandro Villarreal Sosa <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El estudio aborda esta problem\u00e1tica bajo el contexto de enfermedades tropicales, espec\u00edficamente, dengue, zika y chikungu\u00f1a (DZC) en el Ecuador. Por medio de un esquema de diferencia en diferencias, se explotan las variaciones geogr\u00e1ficas entre cantones en t\u00e9rminos del nivel de precipitaciones, altitud y temperatura para estimar el efecto causal de los periodos de exposici\u00f3n ante el posible contagio de DZC sobre la cantidad de concepciones. Los resultados sugieren que la cantidad de concepciones decrece en periodos de exposici\u00f3n en los cantones afectados ante un posible riesgo de contagio. Los resultados sugieren que las mujeres asimilan las consecuencias negativas del DZC y modifican su comportamiento sexual e intenciones reproductivas para alinear los embarazos en periodos en donde no existe este potencial riesgo, implicando la presencia de un diferimiento en las decisiones de embarazo.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Farmer perceptions of climate change and its effect on decision to adopt Climate-Smart Practices: Evidence from The Galapagos Islands <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Ana Gabriela Garc\u00e9s Arteaga <\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El estudio analiza el efecto de la percepci\u00f3n de los agricultores de las islas Gal\u00e1pagos sobre el cambio clim\u00e1tico, en su decisi\u00f3n de adoptar pr\u00e1cticas amigables con el ambiente. A trav\u00e9s, del uso de variables instrumentales, en donde, se usa como instrumento a la zona de residencia del agricultor. Se concluye que la percepci\u00f3n sobre el cambio clim\u00e1tico incide de forma leve y moderada en la adopci\u00f3n de estas nuevas pr\u00e1cticas. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura con evidencia causal sobre el cambio clim\u00e1tico y la agricultura en una zona geogr\u00e1fica de alto riesgo, como lo es el Archipi\u00e9lago de las Gal\u00e1pagos. Los resultados reflejan la urgencia por crear planes de contingencia y capacitaci\u00f3n, que permitan dar a conocer los efectos del cambio clim\u00e1tico en la agricultura y potenciar la sostenibilidad de las islas.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Impact of Employee burnout on productivity: A field Experiment <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Melissa Miranda Romero<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Burnout is one of the most important occupational threats since the COVID-19 pandemic. Burnout imposes costs for the individual, firms and society in terms of lost productivity and well-being. However, there is little evidence of its causal effects on productivity. In this study, I exploit a natural field experiment in the call center of a collection company in Ecuador to assess the effects of burnout on worker productivity. Through a random encouragement design, I estimate whether participation in a three-week intervention, which consists of giving workers a platform to share positive professional experiences while reading their colleagues&#8217; stories, could reduce burnout, and the effect of the reduction in burnout in measures of worker productivity. The results indicate that encouraging employees to participate in the intervention could reduce burnout by 0.86 points. Although the change in burnout is too small to assess its effect on productivity, band estimates show that a 1-point reduction in burnot can increase worker productivity by 6 to 14 percentage points. Beyond the magnitude, the sign of the effect validates a negative impact of burnout on worker productivity. This findingd demonstrated that low-cost interventions intended to increase perceived social support among employees can reduce burnout and have a positive impact on worker productivity outcomes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Impacto del Terremoto del Ecuador 2016 en el desempe\u00f1o econ\u00f3mico de las empresas. Una mirada desde un panel longitudinal para el periodo 2012 \u2013 2020 <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Sebasti\u00e1n Lucero Villareal<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Se busca evaluar el impacto del terremoto en el desempe\u00f1o econ\u00f3mico de las empresas, medido a trav\u00e9s de algunas variables de inter\u00e9s como las ventas, el empleo, la supervivencia empresarial, y la productividad. Utilizando el Directorio de Empresas y Establecimientos de Ecuador para el periodo 2012 al 2020 y un dise\u00f1o experimental de evento tiempo que aprovecha la informaci\u00f3n longitudinal a nivel de empresa para el periodo de an\u00e1lisis, se busca estimar los efectos aplicando un tratamiento a nivel regional, esto es, considerando en el grupo de tratamiento a las empresas localizadas en los cantones m\u00e1s afectados, controlando por efectos fijos de empresa, a\u00f1o, cant\u00f3n, tama\u00f1o, industria entre otras variables de inter\u00e9s. Los resultados muestran que los efectos en ventas son estad\u00edsticamente significativos \u00fanicamente para 2016, lo cual es robusto con el uso de controles y oras especificaciones; en cuanto al empleo, los efectos son mixtos, observ\u00e1ndose un efecto negativo en al menos dos periodos posteriores al evento (2017 y 2018) para un panel de empresas que permanecieron activas durante todo el periodo de observaci\u00f3n. En cuanto a la supervivencia empresarial, no se hallaron efectos estad\u00edsticamente significativos sobre el cierre de empresas, pero s\u00ed se encontr\u00f3 un impacto en unas menores tasas de creaci\u00f3n de empresas y de supervivencia, que se traduce en tasas de riesgo de m\u00e1s elevadas para el periodo post terremoto, lo que plantea desaf\u00edos a futuro para todos los actores comprometidos con el fomento productivo.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">Impulso, \u00bfRespuesta? Efectividad de la pol\u00edtica p\u00fablica sobre el empleo juvenil <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Andr\u00e9 Vinicio Zurita Serrano<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>La problem\u00e1tica del desempleo juvenil ha sido una constante en \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, no solo para aquellos j\u00f3venes que presentan menores oportunidades de conseguir un empleo debido a su baja escolaridad, sino tambi\u00e9n para aquellos j\u00f3venes con niveles de educaci\u00f3n superior. El Estado ecuatoriano ha reconocido esta problem\u00e1tica e identifica (junto con la literatura), que esta especial vulnerabilidad se da debido a la poca o nula experiencia que presentan los j\u00f3venes, haci\u00e9ndolos poco atractivos al mercado laboral. De esta manera, se esperar\u00eda que la instauraci\u00f3n de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas enfocadas en generar experiencia previa en los j\u00f3venes tenga un impacto positivo en sus posibilidades futuras de conseguir empleo. Sin embargo, para que esto se cumpla es necesario rigurosidad y responsabilidad en la aplicaci\u00f3n de la pol\u00edtica, as\u00ed como constantes evaluaciones de impacto para determinar si los resultados son los esperados. Mediante una adaptaci\u00f3n del m\u00e9todo de Diferencias en Diferencias, se estim\u00f3 el impacto de la Ley de Promoci\u00f3n del Empleo Juvenil en el marco del Plan Mi Primer Empleo para el estado ecuatoriano. Los resultados demuestran que la pol\u00edtica no tuvo un efecto estad\u00edsticamente significativo en la probabilidad de conseguir un empleo formal o en el mantenerse en un empleo formal. Se concluye que el enfoque del plan pudo resultar insuficiente, dado que sirve a menos del 1% de la poblaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3micamente activa objetivo y, por ende, es necesario una encuesta espec\u00edfica para el grupo beneficiario para encontrar los efectos espec\u00edficos del programa.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"uc_ac_box \">\n  <div class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\">\n        <em class=\"ue_heading_title\">La Apertura De Centros De Salud En El Ecuador Y Su Efecto En El Peso Del Reci\u00e9n Nacido <\/br><i class=\"fas fa-user\"><\/i> <span class=\"cf_field_inves\">Katherine Alexandra Oleas Nieto<\/span> <\/br> \n  \t  \t<\/em>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n                    <div class=\"ue_post_text\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>El bajo peso al nacer tiene efectos nocivos en la salud y en el crecimiento del reci\u00e9n nacido; es catalogado como un problema de salud p\u00fablica a nivel mundial. Una de las formas de combatir esta situaci\u00f3n hace referencia a que la madre acceda a un servicio de salud de calidad y reciba la atenci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica necesaria que le ayudar\u00e1 a detectar a tiempo cualquier tipo de complicaci\u00f3n. El objetivo del estudio es identificar el impacto que tuvo la apertura de centros de salud en el Ecuador sobre el peso promedio del nacido vivo. Para tal efecto, se utiliza un m\u00e9todo cuasiexperimental de diferencia en diferencia con m\u00faltiples periodos de tiempo, con periodicidad anual desde el 2011 hasta el 2018. Los resultados muestran que la apertura de centros de salud influye de manera positiva en el peso promedio del reci\u00e9n nacido.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>          <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n   \t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t<!-- end Post Accordion -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bf7bf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5bf7bf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script> \r\n\r\n<\/script>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ec32d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ec32d0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4629e37\" data-id=\"4629e37\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07dd163 elementor-align-left elementor-fixed elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"07dd163\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"irwhatsapp\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?phone=593991669495&#038;text=Hola,%20deseo%20obtener%20m%C3%A1s%20informaci%C3%B3n\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad7a0f6 elementor-fixed elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ad7a0f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"irinformacion\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dpopup%3Aopen%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6Ijc4NTEiLCJ0b2dnbGUiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-info-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-826c2cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"826c2cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script> \r\njQuery(document).ready(function($) { \r\nvar delay = 1000; setTimeout(function() { \r\n    var win=$(window);\r\n    var totop = $('#irwhatsapp');    \r\n    win.on('scroll', function() {\r\n        if (win.scrollTop() > 150) {\r\n            totop.fadeIn();\r\n        } else {\r\n            totop.fadeOut();\r\n        }\r\n    });\r\n    \r\n    var totop1 = $('#irinformacion');    \r\n    win.on('scroll', function() {\r\n        if (win.scrollTop() > 150) {\r\n            totop1.fadeIn();\r\n        } else {\r\n            totop1.fadeOut();\r\n        }\r\n    });\r\n    $( '#elementor-tab-content-1431' ).css( 'display:block' );\r\n\t\t$( '#elementor-tab-title-1021' ).removeClass( 'elementor-active' );\r\n\t\t$( '#elementor-tab-content-1021' ).css( 'display', 'none' );\r\n}, delay); \r\n}); \r\n<\/script>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Art\u00edculos Documentos de Trabajo Art\u00edculos Asymmetric effect of the oil price in the ecuadorian economy Alan Bunce, Paul Carrillo Maldonado&#8230;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6295","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - 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